How is Adolescent Depression Different Than Adult Depression?

Depression is a disorder in which people appear sad, withdrawn, show lack of interest in things going on around them, experience cognitive problems, and may even choose to commit suicide. Depressive symptoms are common and most people will have symptoms at some point in their lives without having been diagnosed with depression. The lifetime prevalence of depression varies from 5% to 12% for men and 10% to 25% for women. In 1990, major depression ranked fourth as a burden for disease dysfunction, and associated risk factors. It is estimated that by the year 2020, depression will rank second behind heart disease as a risk. Depression is also linked with increased risk for cancer, heart disease, immune compromise, allergies, migraine, anxiety, infectious disease, and suicide.

The body reacts to depression and stress in similar ways. Corticosteroids are the hormones released when an individual is under stress or suffering from depression. Cortisol concentrations from the adrenal glands are increased and prolonged during depression, which effects long-term memory. Increased activity is also seen in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands of individuals with depression. Hypothalamus volume decrease has been indicated in response to long term stress. The hypothalamus handles information from the autonomic nervous system and controls eating, sexual behavior, sleep patterns, emotions, and secretion of hormones. Persons with multiple episodes of depression show abnormal electroencephalograph sleep patterns. In depressed patients with psychotic features, enlarged ventricles and greater cortical atrophy have been found.

Depression may manifest itself differently in adolescents. According to the DSM-IV-TR, adolescents and children tend to show more irritability, social withdrawal, and somatic complaints. Displays of melancholy and psychomotor retardation, as are marked with adults displaying symptoms of depression, do not tend to be prevalent in adolescents. Rather, adolescent depression can be marked by anger, confusion, fatigue, and loss of pleasure in normally pleasurable activities. Another feature of adolescent depression is that is effects males and females equally.

Adolescent depression is difficult to identify due to its presenting symptoms. The disorder is frequently paired with other disorders such as Conduct Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Anxiety. Two types of depression are noted. Internalizing style is associated with shyness, anxiety, worrying behavior, and inhibition. Externalizing style is associated with drug abuse and conduct disorder.

A number of studies have linked depression and other psychosocial variables with perception of pain in adults. It would follow that the depression, or associated features of depression, would be seen in adolescents who have pain. Low back pain and mid-back pain have been linked with sense of well-being in adolescents. Adolescents and children experiencing pain in their backs perceive their health as poor and report that they are unhappy. Physical health is a significant predictor of depression, both current and in the future, in adolescents. Physical illness in general is associated with depression.



Source by Cheryl McKinzie



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